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Suppose that a design has n runs and p factors corresponding to the columns of the design matrix.
Denote the levels of factors k and l by and , respectively.
A measure of the lack of orthogonality evidenced by columns k and l is given by the following expression:
The maximum possible value of χ2, denoted , is obtained. The chi-square efficiency of a design is defined as follows:
Chi-square efficiency indicates how close χ2 is to zero, relative to a design in which pairs of levels show extreme lack of balance.

Help created on 3/19/2020